Multiple emotional and cognitive factors impact on the experience of pain. This chapter will
review some of the most important emotional and cognitive determinants of the pain …

Placebo treatments are pharmacologically inert, but are known to alleviate symptoms across
a variety of clinical conditions. Associative learning and cognitive expectations both play …

The cannabinoid CB 2 receptor has recently emerged as a potential anti-inflammatory target
to break the self-sustaining cycle of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration that is …

Endocannabinoids (ECs) are endogenous lipid-based retrograde neurotransmitters that
bind to cannabinoid receptors [cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor 2 …

Chronic pain is a highly prevalent and debilitating condition that is frequently associated
with multiple comorbid psychiatric conditions and functional, biochemical, and anatomical …

Growing evidence indicates that the endocannabinoid system is important for the acquisition
and/or extinction of learning and memory. However, it is unclear which endocannabinoid (s) …

Chronic pain states are highly prevalent and yet poorly controlled by currently available
analgesics. It has been reported that enriched environment (EE), as a new way of …

Background The pain-relief properties of tricyclic antidepressants can be attributed to
several actions. Recent observations suggest that adenosine is involved in the …

Cognition and pain share common neural substrates and interact reciprocally: chronic pain
compromises cognitive performance, whereas cognitive processes modulate pain …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an increasingly prevalent condition affecting people of all
ages and genders. The impairment of spatial learning and memory is one of the most …