T cells are crucial for immune functions to maintain health and prevent disease. T cell
development occurs in a stepwise process in the thymus and mainly generates CD4+ and …

T lymphocytes, the major effector cells in cellular immunity, produce cytokines in immune
responses to mediate inflammation and regulate other types of immune cells. Work in the …

When helper T (TH) cell polarization was initially described three decades ago, the TH cell
universe grew dramatically. New subsets were described based on their expression of few …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a key cytokine regulating the development,
activation, proliferation, differentiation, and death of T cells. In CD4+ T cells, TGF-β maintains …

The immune system plays a critical role in protecting hosts from the invasion of organisms.
CD4 T cells, as a key component of the immune system, are central in orchestrating adaptive …

Cytokines are involved in intestinal homeostasis and pathological processes associated
with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The biological effects of cytokines, including several …

CD4+ T helper cells are key regulators of host health and disease. In the original model,
specialized subsets of T helper cells are generated following activation through lineage …

The balance between Th17 cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) has emerged as a prominent
factor in regulating autoimmunity and cancer. Th17 cells are vital for host defense against …

Il1rl1 (also known as ST2) is a member of the IL-1 superfamily, and its only known ligand is
IL-33. ST2 exists in two forms as splice variants: a soluble form (sST2), which acts as a …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in both suppressive
and inflammatory immune responses. After 30 years of intense study, we have only begun to …