Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) materials with a layered structure are excellent candidates in
the field of lubrication due to their unique physical and chemical properties, including weak …

The fibrous calcite layer of modern brachiopod shells is a hybrid composite material and
forms a substantial part of the hard tissue. We investigated how cells of the outer mantle …

Mussel periostracum, a nonliving multifunctional gel that covers the rigid inorganic shells of
mussels, provides protection against mechanical impacts, biofouling, and corrosion in harsh …

The periostracum is an outermost coating of all shelled-molluscs such as bivalves,
corresponding to the interfacial layer separating the calcareous shells from the environment …

Biologically secreted structural materials serve many purposes: protection, defense,
locomotion, support, reinforcement. Their specific functions are achieved through the …

To understand mineral transport pathways for shell secretion and to assess differences in
cellular activity during mineralization, we imaged with TEM and FE-SEM ultrastructural …

Hydrogels are adequate systems for investigating biological structural material formation as
they mimic a wide range of biomineralization conditions. Previous studies focused on the …

Mollusk shell is a product of biomineralization with excellent mechanical properties, and the
shell matrix proteins (SMPs) have important functions in shell formation. A vWA domain …

Ocean acidification causes severe shell dissolution and threats the survival of marine
molluscs. The periostracum in molluscs consists of macromolecules such as proteins and …

Modern calcifying marine organisms face numerous environmental stressors, including
overfishing, deoxygenation, increasing ocean temperatures, and ocean acidification (OA) …