Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been widely explored and are well-known for their
medical applications. Chemical and physical synthesis methods are a way to make AuNPs …

Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) is often required for activation of
the caspase proteases that cause apoptotic cell death. Various intermembrane space (IMS) …

Although required for life, paradoxically, mitochondria are often essential for initiating
apoptotic cell death. Mitochondria regulate caspase activation and cell death through an …

Regulated, programmed cell death is crucial for all multicellular organisms. Cell death is
essential in many processes, including tissue sculpting during embryogenesis, development …

Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) are new engineering materials with broad prospects for
biomedical applications; thus, their biosafety has drawn great concern. The liver is the main …

Mitochondria play key roles in activating apoptosis in mammalian cells. Bcl-2 family
members regulate the release of proteins from the space between the mitochondrial inner …

Irrespective of the morphological features of end-stage cell death (that may be apoptotic,
necrotic, autophagic, or mitotic), mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP) is …

Cytochrome c is primarily known for its function in the mitochondria as a key participant in
the life-supporting function of ATP synthesis. However, when a cell receives an apoptotic …

In healthy cells, cytochrome c (Cyt c) is located in the mitochondrial intermembrane/
intercristae spaces, where it functions as an electron shuttle in the respiratory chain and …

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is an essential physiological process that plays a
critical role in development and tissue homeostasis. The progress of apoptosis is regulated …