Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most potent human toxins known and the causative
agent of botulism, and are widely used as valuable pharmaceuticals. The BoNTs are …

The mammalian central nervous system is a complex neuronal network consisting of a
diverse array of cellular subtypes generated in a precise spatial and temporal pattern …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are synthesized by Clostridium botulinum and exist as
seven immunologically distinct serotypes designated A through G. For most serotypes …

Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A), a potent therapeutic used to treat various
disorders, inhibits vesicular neurotransmitter exocytosis by cleaving SNAP25. Development …

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) hold great promise for providing various
differentiated cell models for in vitro toxigenicity testing. For Clostridium botulinum …

Aims Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) has emerged as an effective treatment of
urinary bladder overactivity. Intravesical lipotoxin (BoNT/A delivery using liposomes), which …

Botulism is characterized by flaccid paralysis, which can be caused by intoxication with any
of the seven known serotypes of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), all of which disrupt synaptic …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are potent neurotoxins produced by bacteria, which inhibit
neurotransmitter release, specifically in their physiological target known as motor neurons …

Botulinum toxins are neurotoxic modular proteins composed of a heavy chain and a light
chain connected by a disulfide bond and are produced by Clostridium botulinum. Although …

Tetanus and Botulinum type B neurotoxins are bacterial metalloproteases that specifically
cleave the vesicle-associated membrane protein VAMP at an identical peptide bond …