The gastrointestinal tract has recently come to the forefront of multiple research fields. It is
now recognized as a major source of signals modulating food intake, insulin secretion and …

The digestive tract plays a central role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Far from
being a passive tube, it provides the first line of defense against pathogens and maintains …

Axonal and synaptic degeneration is a hallmark of peripheral neuropathy, brain injury, and
neurodegenerative disease. Axonal degeneration has been proposed to be mediated by an …

The neural circuits governing vital behaviors, such as respiration and locomotion, are
comprised of discrete neuronal populations residing within the brainstem and spinal cord …

Programmed cell death (PCD) is an evolutionarily conserved contributor to nervous system
development. In the vertebrate peripheral nervous system, PCD is the basis of the …

The programmed cell death (PCD) of developing cells is considered an essential adaptive
process that evolved to serve diverse roles. We review the putative adaptive functions of …

In vertebrates the development and function of the nervous system is regulated by
neurotrophic factors (NTFs). Despite extensive searches no neurotrophic factors have been …

There is a growing interest in the mechanisms that control the apoptosis cascade during
development and adult life. To investigate the regulatory events that trigger apoptosis in …

The insect excretory system contains two organ systems acting in concert: the Malpighian
tubules and the hindgut perform essential roles in excretion and ionic and osmotic …

Background Female sexual receptivity offers an excellent model for complex behavioral
decisions. The female must parse her own reproductive state, the external environment, and …