The past decade has seen several critical advances in our understanding of hypothalamic–
pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis regulation. Homeostatic physiological circuits need to integrate …

Cushing's syndrome is a serious endocrine disease caused by chronic, autonomous, and
excessive secretion of cortisol. The syndrome is associated with increased mortality and …

Stress is viewed as a state of real or perceived threat to homeostasis, the management of
which involves the endocrine, nervous, and immune systems. These systems work …

Ectopic ACTH syndrome (EAS) is rare but is frequently a severe condition because of the
intensity of the hypercortisolism that may be dissociated from the tumoral condition. EAS …

Over the past decade, our understanding of the role of stress in serious mental illness has
become more sophisticated. In this paper, we revisit the neural diathesis-stress model of …

It is estimated that 2% to 3% of the population are currently prescribed systemic or topical
glucocorticoid treatment. The potent anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids to deliver …

In November 2019, the Italian Society of Endocrinology (SIE) has published a consensus
statement on the tailoring of glucocorticoid replacement in adrenal insufficiency [1]. A few …

Cognitive function in humans depends on the complex and interplay between multiple body
systems, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The gut microbiota, which …

Abstract Treatment for critical illness typically focuses on a patient's short-term physical
recovery; however, recent work has broadened our understanding of the long-term …

Cushing's syndrome (CS) is a severe condition that results from chronic exposure to
elevated circulating cortisol levels; it is a rare but potentially life-threating condition …