Metformin is a first-line therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, due to its robust glucose-
lowering effects, well-established safety profile, and relatively low cost. While metformin has …

The 1921 discovery of insulin was a Big Bang from which a vast and expanding universe of
research into insulin action and resistance has issued. In the intervening century, some …

The liver is crucial for the maintenance of normal glucose homeostasis—it produces glucose
during fasting and stores glucose postprandially. However, these hepatic processes are …

Betaine is known as trimethylglycine and is widely distributed in animals, plants, and
microorganisms. Betaine is known to function physiologically as an important …

Cancer cells increase lipogenesis for their proliferation and the activation of sterol regulatory
element-binding proteins (SREBPs) has a central role in this process. SREBPs are inhibited …

The reactions of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle allow the controlled combustion of fat and
carbohydrate. In principle, TCA cycle intermediates are regenerated on every turn and can …

Adiponectin is a secretory protein, primarily produced in adipocytes. However, low but
detectable expression of adiponectin can be observed in cell types beyond adipocytes …

Metformin has been the mainstay of therapy for diabetes mellitus for many years; however,
the mechanistic aspects of metformin action remained ill-defined. Recent advances revealed …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by the dysregulation of glucose homeostasis,
resulting in hyperglycaemia. Although current diabetes treatments have exhibited some …

The preproglucagon gene (Gcg) is expressed by specific enteroendocrine cells (L-cells) of
the intestinal mucosa, pancreatic islet α-cells, and a discrete set of neurons within the …