The proteins extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) and ERK2 are the downstream
components of a phosphorelay pathway that conveys growth and mitogenic signals largely …

Over the past 20 years, and particularly in the last decade, significant developmental
milestones have driven basic, translational, and clinical advances in the field of stem cell …

The past 10 years have seen great advances in our ability to manipulate cell fate, including
the induction of pluripotency in vitro to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This …

Cytokines of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family, including TGF-βs, bone
morphogenic proteins (BMPs), activins, and Nodal, play crucial roles in embryonic …

The molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways that regulate the in vitro preservation of
distinct pluripotent stem cell configurations, and their induction in somatic cells by direct …

The regulative capability of single cells to give rise to all primary embryonic lineages is
termed pluripotency. Observations of fluctuating gene expression and phenotypic …

Embryonic stem cell (ESC) culture conditions are important for maintaining long-term self-
renewal, and they influence cellular pluripotency state. Here, we report single cell RNA …

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is the most pleiotropic member of the interleukin-6 family of
cytokines. It utilises a receptor that consists of the LIF receptor β and gp130 and this receptor …

Stem cells are defined by the ability to self-renew and to generate differentiated progeny,
qualities that are maintained by evolutionarily conserved pathways that can lead to cancer …

Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells perpetuate in vitro the broad developmental potential of
naïve founder cells in the preimplantation embryo. ES cells self-renew relentlessly in culture …