Numerous epidemiological studies in the human population clearly indicate that smoking
while pregnant has deleterious effects on fetal development as well as long-term adverse …

Schizophrenia is a life-long debilitating mental disorder affecting tens of millions of people
worldwide. The serendipitous discovery of antipsychotics focused pharmaceutical research …

Variation in dopamine receptor levels has been associated with different facets of
impulsivity. To further delineate the neural substrates underlying impulsive action (inability to …

There are over twenty rodent models of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), with
most reflecting a recognized ADHD subtype. Of these, only five rat models (Neonatal 6 …

Although smoking prevalence has declined in recent years, certain subpopulations continue
to smoke at disproportionately high rates and show resistance to cessation treatments …

The ability to make advantageous decisions under circumstances in which there is a risk of
adverse consequences is an important component of adaptive behavior; however, extremes …

This study compared nicotine intake and changes in food intake and weight gain in naïve
adolescent, naïve adult, and adult rats that were exposed to nicotine during adolescence. An …

The causal pathway from vulnerability to drug use and addiction involves a complex
interaction between genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors. An individual can …

Rationale Alterations in cost–benefit decision making accompany numerous
neuropsychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder …

Cocaine use is associated with high levels of impulsive choice (greater discounting of
delayed rewards) in humans, but the cause/effect relationships between cocaine use and …