This review reports on the processes associated with costs of reproduction, including some
theoretical considerations, definitions and methodological aspects, followed by a list of the …

Population biologists have generally assumed that reproduction entails a reduction in
growth, future reproduction, and/or increase in mortality: such “costs of reproduction” are …

Shade tolerance, plastic phenotypic response to light and sensitivity to photoinhibition were
studied in holly (Ilex aquifolium L.) seedlings transported from the field to a greenhouse and …

The characteristic decline in height growth that occurs over a tree's lifespan is often called
“age-related decline.” But is the reduction in height growth in aging trees a function of age or …

Detailed understanding of the specific physiology of sexes in dioecious species is required
to explain patterns in gender dimorphism. Under controlled‐environment conditions we …

Publisher Summary The pattern of plant resource investment in reproduction is expected to
have important implications for plant life histories and their evolution. This chapter discusses …

Abstract Background and Aims Reproductive costs imply trade-offs in resource distribution at
the physiological level, expressed as changes in future growth and/or reproduction. In …

Sex ratio and sexual dimorphism were studied in the dioecious tree Taxus baccata. We
examined five populations of T. baccata in Poland and Ukraine to identify the differences …

Allocation to reproduction is often examined at the whole plant level from an allometric
perspective; however, investment in reproduction is a hierarchical process which represents …

Background and aims Dioecious plant species, ie those in which male and female functions
are housed in different individuals, are particularly vulnerable to global environmental …