RIG-I (Retinoic acid-inducible gene I) and MDA5 (Melanoma Differentiation-Associated
protein 5), collectively known as the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), are key protein sensors of …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) provide a central mechanism of cell–cell communication. While
EVs are found in most organisms, their pathogenesis-promoting roles in parasites are of …

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is leading cause of respiratory tract infections in early
childhood. Gut microbiota is closely related with the pulmonary antiviral immunity. Recent …

Malaria is the most serious mosquito‐borne parasitic disease, caused mainly by the
intracellular parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The parasite invades human red blood cells …

Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), which are pivotal sensors of
RNA virus invasions, mediate the transcriptional induction of genes encoding type I …

Natural killer (NK) cells are important innate effector cells that are well described in their
ability to kill virally-infected cells and tumors. However, there is increasing appreciation for …

Malaria is a complex parasitic disease, caused by Plasmodium spp. More than a century
after the discovery of malaria parasites, this disease continues to pose a global public health …

Malaria infection caused by the Plasmodium species is a complex disease in which a fine
balance between host and parasite factors determine the disease severity. While in some …

Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes, the sexual stage responsible for malaria parasite
transmission from humans to mosquitoes, are key targets for malaria elimination. Immature …

Monocytes are innate immune cells essential for host protection against malaria. Upon
activation, monocytes function to help reduce parasite burden through phagocytosis …