Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an enveloped, positive‐strand RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae
that primarily infects hepatocytes, causing acute and chronic liver disease. HCV is also …

Opiate abuse and HIV-1 have been described as interrelated epidemics, and even in the
advent of combined anti-retroviral therapy, the additional abuse of opiates appears to result …

Morphine and its pharmacological derivatives are the most prescribed analgesics for
moderate to severe pain management. However, chronic use of morphine reduces …

Background: The predominant phytoestrogen in soy and derived products is the isoflavone
Genistein. Genistein has antioxidant properties. Morphine is a main psychoactive chemical …

Microglia are the predominant resident central nervous system (CNS) cell type productively
infected by HIV-1, and play a key role in the progression of HIV-associated dementia (HAD) …

With the current national opioid crisis, it is critical to examine the mechanisms underlying
pathophysiologic interactions between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and opioids in …

Opioids and their receptors have received remarkable attention because they have the
ability to alter immune function, which affects disease progression. In vitro and in vivo …

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood-borne pathogen that was identified as an etiologic agent
of non-A, non-B hepatitis in 1989. HCV is estimated to have infected at least 170 million …

The HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) is a neurotoxin involved in the pathogenesis of
HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The neurotoxic effects of Tat are …

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is known to provoke microglial immune
responses which likely play a paramount role in the development of chronic …