Size at birth is a critical determinant of life expectancy, and is dependent primarily on the
placental supply of nutrients. However, the placenta is not just a passive organ for the …

Background and objective Data on the association between early-life famine exposure and
osteoporosis and fractures remain limited and inconclusive. The aim of this study was to …

Aim/hypothesis: In utero exposure to maternal diabetes increases the risk of developing
hypertension and cardiovascular disorders during adulthood. We have previously shown …

The in utero and early postnatal environments play essential roles in offspring growth and
development. Standardizing or reducing pup litter size can independently compromise long …

Objective To investigate human femur development in fetal growth restriction (FGR) by
analyzing femur morphometrics and distal epimetaphyseal features on prenatal magnetic …

Myostatin (gene symbol: Mstn) is an autocrine and paracrine inhibitor of muscle growth.
Pregnant mice with genetically reduced levels of myostatin give birth to offspring with greater …

Objective To investigate the effect of malnutrition during pregnancy on bone development in
rat pups with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Methods: IUGR offspring were induced …

Females born growth restricted have poor adult bone health. Stress exposure during
pregnancy increases risk of pregnancy complications. We determined whether maternal …

Low birth weight, due to uteroplacental insufficiency, results in programmed bone deficits in
the first generation (F1). These deficits may be passed onto subsequent generations. We …

The late Pleistocene megafaunal extinction of approximately 12,000 years ago, included the
demise of Smilodon fatalis, a hypercarnivore from the Rancho La Brea deposits, which has …