Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become pervasive, enabling transformative advancements in
various industries including smart city, smart healthcare, smart manufacturing, smart virtual …

The character recognition system is a vital area in the field of pattern recognition. One
interesting, complex, and challenging task is handwritten character recognition because of …

Text, as one of humanity's most influential innovations, has played an important role in
shaping our lives. Reading a text is a difficult task due to several reasons factors, such as …

Handwriting recognition in Javanese script is not widely developed with deep learning (DL).
Previous DL and machine learning (ML) research is generally limited to basic characters …

Text line extraction from a text document image and segmenting it into isolate words and
segmenting these words into individual characters are considered as one of the most critical …

Image segmentation refers to the process of partitioning a page into distinct sections. This
technique aims to improve and transform the image's representation into a more coherent …

A growing number of industries have started to adapt to the circular economy since the
concept's introduction. Therefore, in order to accurately evaluate the development level of …

Handwritten recognition is becoming one of the most researched areas in the field of
computer science. As the technologies are growing, everyone wants advanced life, which …

In Balinese culture, the ability to read Balinese script is one of the challenges young
generations face. Advances in machine learning have proposed handwriting detection …

In this paper, we measure the performance of supervised learning algorithms on imbalanced
class datasets. Supervised learning is considered to be the most advanced and mature from …