Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) was hypothesized to result from functional ovarian
hyperandrogenism (FOH) due to dysregulation of androgen secretion in 1989–1995 …

Since precise forecasting of the future is not possible, most of life's decisions are made with
uncertain outcomes. One important facet of uncertainty that is of particular interest to …

Women's capacity for sexual fluidity is at least as interesting a phenomenon from the point of
view of evolutionary biology and behavioral endocrinology as exclusively homosexual …

The challenges of terrestrial existence may mean that the early development of tetrapod limb
traits is linked to the development of the urogenital system and sex steroids. One such limb …

The ratio of length between the second and fourth fingers (2D: 4D) is commonly used as an
indicator of prenatal sex hormone exposure. Several approaches have been used to try to …

Hemispheric asymmetries represent one of the major organizational principles in vertebrate
neurobiology, but their molecular determinants are not well understood. For handedness …

Background Anogenital distance (AGD) and the second to fourth finger (2D: 4D) digit ratio
may be early markers of in utero androgen exposure for the infant. Phthalates and phenols …

Developmental plasticity is a widespread property of living organisms, but different
individuals in the same species can vary greatly in how susceptible they are to …

In the last few years, several studies have questioned the value of the second-to-fourth digit
ratio (2D: 4D) as a measure of exposure to sex hormones before birth. Controversy has also …

Background Retrospective studies suggest that maternal exposure to a severe stressor
during pregnancy increases the fetus' risk for a variety of disorders in adulthood. Animal …