A large variety of stress conditions including physicochemical factors induce the synthesis of
more than 20 heat shock proteins (HSPs). In E. coli, the heat shock response to temperature …

The initiation of transcription is the most important step for gene regulation in eubacteria. To
initiate transcription, RNA polymerase has to associate with a small protein, known as a σ …

Temperature is an important parameter that free-living cells monitor constantly. The
expression of heat-shock, cold-shock and some virulence genes is coordinated in response …

Induction of heat shock proteins in Escherichia coli is primarily caused by increased cellular
levels of the heat shock ς-factor ς32 encoded by the rpoH gene. Increased ς32 levels result …

The heat shock response (HSR) is a homeostatic response that maintains the proper protein-
folding environment in the cell. This response is universal, and many of its components are …

Current models of both heat induction and the chaperonemediated feedback control of the
σ32 regulon in Escherichia coli have been further substantiated, and the extent of …

Cellular proteomes are dynamic and adjusted to permanently changing conditions by ATP-
fueled proteolytic machineries. Among the five AAA+ proteases in Escherichia coli FtsH is …

Bacterial pathogens survive under two entirely different conditions, namely, their natural
environment and in their hosts. Response of these pathogens to stresses encountered …

The heat shock response in Escherichia coli depends primarily on the increased synthesis
and stabilization of otherwise scarce and unstable ς32 (rpoH gene product), which is …

The smallest cellular genomes are found in obligate symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria
living within eukaryotic hosts. In comparison with large genomes of free‐living relatives …