It is well-recognized that, despite similar pain characteristics, some people with chronic pain
recover, whereas others do not. In this review, we discuss possible contributions and …

It is well established that estrogens affect neuroplasticity in a number of brain regions. In
particular, estrogens modulate and mediate spine and synapse formation as well as …

Several lines of evidence have converged to indicate that memory formation involves
plasticity of dendritic spines in the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the hippocampus …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Estradiol and Cognition”. Memory processing is
presumed to depend on synaptic plasticity, which appears to have a role in mediating the …

Estrogen is one of the most important female sex hormones, and is indispensable for
reproduction. However, its role is much wider. Among others, due to its neuroprotective …

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be conceptualized as a disorder of emotional
memory showing strong (conditioned) responses to trauma reminders and intrusive …

Premenstrual symptoms are experienced by many female individuals during their fertile age.
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), a sex-specific mood disorder, affects about 5% of …

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a female-specific condition classified in the
Diagnostic and Statical Manual—5th edition under depressive disorders. Alterations in grey …

Glia comprise a heterogeneous group of cells involved in the structure and function of the
central and peripheral nervous system. Glial cells are found from invertebrates to humans …

G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) in the amygdala and the dorsal hippocampus
mediates actions of estradiol on anxiety, social recognition and spatial memory. In addition …