Mucosal vaccines offer the potential to trigger robust protective immune responses at the
predominant sites of pathogen infection. In principle, the induction of adaptive immunity at …

Adjuvants are vaccine components that enhance the magnitude, breadth and durability of
the immune response. Following its introduction in the 1920s, alum remained the only …

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are appealing as potential therapeutics and prophylactics for
viral infections owing to characteristics such as their high specificity and their ability to …

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is one of the deadliest pandemics in history. SARS …

IgG4 is the least abundant subclass of IgG in human serum and has unique functional
features. IgG4 is largely unable to activate antibody-dependent immune effector responses …

Several vaccines against COVID-19 use nanoparticles to protect the antigen cargo (either
proteins or nucleic acids), increase the immunogenicity and ultimately the efficacy. The …

The ideal vaccine against viruses such as influenza and SARS-CoV-2 must provide a
robust, durable and broad immune protection against multiple viral variants. However …

Most studies of adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection focus on peripheral blood, which
may not fully reflect immune responses at the site of infection. Using samples from 110 …

The development of neoplasia involves a complex and continuous interplay between
malignantly transformed cells and the tumour microenvironment (TME). Cancer …

While inbred mice have informed most of what we know about the immune system in the
modern era, they have clear limitations with respect to their ability to be informative …