Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an extremely common cardiac rhythm disorder that causes
substantial morbidity and contributes to mortality. The mechanisms underlying AF are …

The cardiac conduction system (CCS) consists of distinctive components that initiate and
conduct the electrical impulse required for the coordinated contraction of the cardiac …

The sinoatrial node (SAN) is the primary pacemaker of the heart and controls heart rate
throughout life. Failure of SAN function due to congenital disease or aging results in slowing …

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia in humans and is
characterized by chaotic electrical activity of the atria. It affects one in ten individuals over the …

The heart automaticity is a fundamental physiological function in higher organisms. The
spontaneous activity is initiated by specialized populations of cardiac cells generating …

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an increasingly prevalent arrhythmia; its pathophysiology and
progression are well studied. Stroke and bleeding risk models have been created and …

In 2014, an extensive review discussing the major steps of cardiac development focusing on
growth, formation of primary and chamber myocardium and the development of the cardiac …

The heart is the first organ to form during embryonic development. Given the complex nature
of cardiac differentiation and morphogenesis, it is not surprising that some form of congenital …

The mammalian heart is the first functional organ, the first indicator of life. Its normal
formation and function are essential for fetal life. Defects in heart formation lead to …

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is of public health importance and profoundly increases morbidity,
mortality, and healthrelated expenditures. Morbidities include the increased risks of …