Repairing articular osteochondral defects present considerable challenges in self‐repair
due to the complex tissue structure and low proliferation of chondrocytes. Conventional …

Multiple biological, synthetic and hybrid polymers are used for multiple medical applications.
A wide range of different polymers is available, and they have further the advantage to be …

Articular cartilage is susceptible to damage but hard to self-repair due to its avascular
nature. Traditional treatment methods are not able to produce satisfactory effects …

The osteochondral defect repair has been most extensively studied due to the rising
demand for new therapies to diseases such as osteoarthritis. Tissue engineering has been …

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are innovative materials whose composition and/or
microstructure gradually vary in space according to a designed law. As a result, also the …

It is difficult to achieve self-healing outcoming for the osteochondral defects caused by
degenerative diseases. The simultaneous regeneration of both cartilage and subchondral …

Articular cartilage is a non-vascularized and poorly cellularized connective tissue that is
frequently damaged as a result of trauma and degenerative joint diseases such as …

The regeneration of hierarchical osteochondral units is challenging due to difficulties in
inducing spatial, directional and controllable differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells …

Rationalizing has become a new trend in the world of science and technology.
Nanotechnology has ascended to become one of the most favorable technologies, and one …

Porous biodegradable scaffolds provide a physical substrate for cells allowing them to
attach, proliferate and guide the formation of new tissues. A variety of techniques have been …