We explore how integrating behavioural ecology and macroecology can provide
fundamental new insight into both fields, with particular relevance for understanding …

The origin of parental care is a central question in evolutionary biology, and understating the
evolution of this behaviour requires quantifying benefits and costs. To address this subject …

Predation, which is a fundamental force in ecosystems, has been found to decrease in
intensity with elevation and latitude. The mechanisms behind this pattern, however, remain …

Males and females are defined by the relative size of their gametes (anisogamy), but
secondary sexual dimorphism in fertilization, parental investment and mating competition is …

Maternal care is common in spiders, but the effects of egg protection by mothers on offspring
survival remains understudied for most species, especially against parasitoids. Parasitoid …

In species exhibiting egg attendance, parents remain with their eggs, protecting them
against harsh abiotic conditions, such as dehydration or drowning, and biotic conditions …

The expressions of parental care can vary in space and time because factors driving
offspring mortality depend on variable abiotic and biotic conditions. Manogea porracea is a …

1. Although potentially vulnerable to predators, the offspring of subsocial insects are
effectively protected by their parent (s). The female giant water bug K irkaldyia deyrolli lays …

Highlights•In species with exclusive male care, caring males may abandon their
clutches.•Unattended clutches may be adopted either by conspecific females or males.•We …

Parental care in which females attend their offspring is recorded in over 30 species of
ground beetles. Despite this, there is no quantitative data on the fate of the offspring when …