Effort invested in the development of new drugs often fails to be translated into meaningful
clinical benefits for patients with cancer. The development of more effective anticancer …

The pharmacology and toxicology of a broad variety of therapies and chemicals have
significantly improved with the aid of the increasing in vitro models of complex human …

The tumor microenvironment is highly complex owing to its heterogeneous composition and
dynamic nature. This makes tumors difficult to replicate using traditional 2D cell culture …

Abstract 3D printing first came into existence in the year 1984. Since then, it has found
significant use in various fields, including pharmaceutical industries. 3D printing is a process …

3D organoid model technologies have led to the development of innovative tools for cancer
precision medicine. Yet, the gold standard culture system (Matrigel®) lacks the ability for …

Understanding the underlying mechanisms of migration and metastasis is a key focus of
cancer research. There is an urgent need to develop in vitro 3D tumor models that can mimic …

The development of new advanced constructs resembling structural and functional
properties of human organs and tissues requires a deep knowledge of the morphological …

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a novel technology that enables the creation
of 3D structures with bioinks, the biomaterials containing living cells. 3D bioprinted …

Computational models are becoming an increasingly valuable tool in biomedical research.
Their accuracy and effectiveness, however, rely on the identification of suitable parameters …

Current research tools for preclinical drug development such as rodent models and two‐
dimensional immortalized monocultures have failed to serve as effective translational …