Estrogen is a steroid hormone that has critical roles in reproductive development, bone
homeostasis, cardiovascular remodeling and brain functions. However, estrogen also …

The estrogen receptor (ER) pathway plays a pivotal role in breast cancer development and
progression. Endocrine therapy to block the ER pathway is highly effective, but its …

Context—HER2 is a membrane tyrosine kinase and oncogene that is overexpressed and
gene amplified in about 20% of breast cancers. When activated it provides the cell with …

Mutations in genes that constitute the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway occur
in> 70% of breast cancers. Clinical and experimental evidence suggest that PI3K pathway …

HER2 is highly expressed in a significant proportion of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and
gastric cancer. Since the discovery of its role in tumorigenesis, HER2 has received great …

Although antiestrogen therapies targeting estrogen receptor (ER) α signaling prevent
disease recurrence in the majority of patients with hormone-dependent breast cancer, a …

Tamoxifen is a central component of the treatment of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast
cancer as a partial agonist of ER. It has been clinically used for the last 30 years and is …

Introduction The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-targeted therapies
trastuzumab (T) and lapatinib (L) show high efficacy in patients with HER2-positive breast …

Endocrine therapy has led to a significant improvement in outcomes for women with
estrogen receptor–positive (ER+) breast cancer. Current questions in the adjuvant setting …

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, and within the HER-2 positive subtype this is
highly exemplified by the presence of substantial phenotypical and clinical heterogeneity …