Depression is a common, devastating illness. Current pharmacotherapies help many
patients, but high rates of a partial response or no response, and the delayed onset of the …

Estrogen facilitates higher cognitive functions by exerting effects on brain regions such as
the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Estrogen induces spinogenesis and synaptogenesis …

Studies have shown differences in specific cognitive ability domains and risk of Alzheimer's
disease between the men and women at later age. However it is important to know that sex …

Estrogen is a fundamental regulator of the metabolic system of the female brain and body.
Within the brain, estrogen regulates glucose transport, aerobic glycolysis, and mitochondrial …

The introduction of high-resolution time lapse imaging and molecular biological tools has
changed dramatically the rate of progress towards the understanding of the complex …

Regeneration refers to regrowth of tissue in the central nervous system. It includes
generation of new neurons, glia, myelin, and synapses, as well as the regaining of essential …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Estradiol and cognition”. Over the past 30 years,
research has demonstrated that estrogens not only are important for female reproduction …

Estrogen can elicit pleiotropic cellular responses via a diversity of estrogen receptors (ERs)—
mediated genomic and rapid non-genomic mechanisms. Unlike the genomic responses …

The classic view of estrogen actions in the brain was confined to regulation of ovulation and
reproductive behavior in the female of all mamamalian species studied, including humans …

Extensive research has identified stereotypic behavioral and biological abnormalities in post-
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), such as heightened autonomic activity, an exaggerated …