Stress has profound effects on vertebrate immunity, but most studies have considered stress–
immune interactions in terms of wild animals enduring demanding, but predictable activities …

The concept of a pace‐of‐life syndrome describes inter‐and intraspecific variation in several
life‐history traits along a slow‐to‐fast pace‐of‐life continuum, with long lifespans, low …

The prevalence and intensity of parasites in wild hosts varies across space and is a key
determinant of infection risk in humans, domestic animals and threatened wildlife. Because …

Measuring stress in animals is important in many ecological, zoological and veterinary
research settings. A common method is to measure plasma levels of glucocorticoid …

Consistent expanding urbanization dramatically transforms natural habitats and exposes
organisms to novel environmental challenges, often leading to reduced species richness …

With the global high rate of urbanization and the rapid loss of wild habitat land, cities are
now viewed as challenging ecosystems for sustaining biotic communities and rich diversity …

Despite increasing interest in urban ecology the factors limiting the colonisation of towns
and cities by species from rural areas are poorly understood. This is largely due to the lack …

Land transformation, including urbanization, is a dominant form of anthropogenic change to
the global environment at the dawn of the Anthropocene epoch. More and more species are …

The urban environment presents new and different challenges to wildlife, but also potential
opportunities depending on the species. As urban encroachment onto native habitats …

Background Urbanization can strongly impact the physiology, behavior, and fitness of
animals. Conditions in cities may also promote the transmission and success of animal …