Gene regulation requires the dynamic coordination of hundreds of regulatory factors at
precise genomic and RNA targets. Although many regulatory factors have specific affinity for …

Differential gene expression mechanisms ensure cellular differentiation and plasticity to
shape ontogenetic and phylogenetic diversity of cell types. A key regulator of differential …

How enhancers control target gene expression over long genomic distances remains an
important unsolved problem. Here we investigated enhancer–promoter communication by …

Chromosome structure in mammals is thought to regulate transcription by modulating three-
dimensional interactions between enhancers and promoters, notably through CTCF …

How enhancers activate their distal target promoters remains incompletely understood. Here
we dissect how CTCF-mediated loops facilitate and restrict such regulatory interactions …

The prevailing view of metazoan gene regulation is that individual genes are independently
regulated by their own dedicated sets of transcriptional enhancers. Past studies have …

Nuclear processes such as DNA replication, transcription, and RNA processing each
depend on the concerted action of many different protein and RNA molecules. How …

The CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) works together with the cohesin complex to drive the
formation of chromatin loops and topologically associating domains, but its role in gene …

Precise patterns of gene expression in metazoans are controlled by three classes of
regulatory elements: promoters, enhancers and boundary elements. During differentiation …

Shadow enhancers are seemingly redundant transcriptional cis-regulatory elements that
regulate the same gene and drive overlapping expression patterns. Recent studies have …