Highlights•Glutamatergic neurons in the parabrachial nucleus provide main ascending
arousal influence from the brainstem.•GABAergic neurons in the brainstem provide the main …

This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness.
Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the …

The mammalian basal forebrain (BF) has important roles in controlling sleep and
wakefulness, but the underlying neural circuit remains poorly understood. We examined the …

We take for granted the ability to fall asleep or to snap out of sleep into wakefulness, but
these changes in behavioral state require specific switching mechanisms in the brain that …

The brain continuously adapts its processing machinery to behavioural demands. To
achieve this, it rapidly modulates the operating mode of cortical circuits, controlling the way …

Wakefulness, along with fast cortical rhythms and associated cognition, depend on the basal
forebrain (BF). BF cholinergic cell loss in dementia and the sedative effect of anti-cholinergic …

The principal neurons of the arousal and sleep circuits are comprised by glutamate and
GABA neurons, which are distributed within the reticular core of the brain and, through local …

The “ascending reticular activating system” theory proposed that neurons in the upper
brainstem reticular formation projected to forebrain targets that promoted wakefulness. More …

Cortical gamma band oscillations (GBO, 30–80 Hz, typically∼ 40 Hz) are involved in higher
cognitive functions such as feature binding, attention, and working memory. GBO …

Adenosine is directly linked to the energy metabolism of cells. In the central nervous system
(CNS) an increase in neuronal activity enhances energy consumption as well as …