Background About one‐third of women have urinary incontinence (UI) and up to one‐tenth
have faecal incontinence (FI) after childbirth. Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) is …

Background Obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) are the commonest cause of anal
incontinence in women of reproductive age. We determined the risk of anal sphincter defects …

Background Pelvic floor interventions during pregnancy could reduce the impact of
pregnancy and delivery on the pelvic floor. Objective To determine the effects of pelvic floor …

Background perineal injury is common after birth and may be caused by tears or episiotomy
or both. Perineal massage has been shown to prevent episiotomies in primiparous women …

Introduction Damage to the pelvic floor during vaginal childbirth is common, and may take
the form of levator avulsion or irreversible overdistension of the levator hiatus (microtrauma) …

Introduction and hypothesis The term 'maternal birth trauma'has undergone substantial
changes in meaning over the last 2 decades. Leaving aside psychological morbidity …

Abstract Brief Summary: Maternal somatic birth trauma due to vaginal delivery is more
common than generally assumed and an important cause of future morbidity. Maternal birth …

Introduction and hypothesis The current data on the effectiveness of antenatal pelvic floor
muscle exercises (PFME) on childbirth outcomes are limited. Therefore, in this study the …

Background Trauma to the perineum, levator ani complex, and anal sphincter is common
during vaginal childbirth, but often clinically underdiagnosed, and many women are …

Introduction and hypothesis Levator ani muscle (LAM) and anal sphincter tears are common
after vaginal birth and are associated with female pelvic organ prolapse and anal …