Traumatic brain injury leads to cellular damage which in turn results in the rapid release of
damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that prompt resident cells to release …

Microglia cells are the major orchestrator of the brain inflammatory response. As such, they
are traditionally studied in various contexts of trauma, injury, and disease, where they are …

Glioblastoma (GBM) remains uniformly lethal, and despite a large accumulation of immune
cells in the microenvironment, there is limited antitumor immune response. To overcome …

Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative movement disorder;
however, its etiology remains elusive. Nevertheless, in vivo observations have concluded …

Recently, it was found that microglia regulated synaptic remodeling of the developing brain,
but their mechanisms have not been well understood. In this study, the action of microglia on …

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) elicits an acute inflammatory response which comprises
numerous cell populations. It is driven by the immediate response of macrophages and …

Missense mutations in the leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene result in late-onset
Parkinson's disease. The incomplete penetrance of LRRK2 mutations in humans and …

The inflammation that accompanies acute injury has dual functions: bactericidal action and
repair. Bactericidal functions protect damaged tissue from infection, and repair functions are …

Although several genetic and biochemical factors are associated with the pathogenesis of
retinal degeneration, it has yet to be determined how these different impairments can cause …

The present study examined the neuroprotective effects of capsaicin (CAP) and explored
their underlying mechanisms in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-lesioned inflammatory rat model …