Organisms of all domains of life use photoreceptor proteins to sense and respond to light.
The light-sensitivity of photoreceptor proteins arises from bound chromophores such as …

Ultrafast photochemical reactions in liquids occur on similar or shorter time scales compared
to the equilibration of the optically populated excited state. This equilibration involves the …

INTRODUCTION Retinal is a light-sensitive protein ligand that is used by all domains of life
to process the information and energy content of light. Retinal-binding proteins are integral …

The superposition of quantum states drives motion on the atomic and subatomic scales, with
the energy spacing of the states dictating the speed of the motion. In the case of electrons …

The kinetics of the primary event in vision have been resolved with the use of femtosecond
optical measurement techniques. The 11-cis retinal prosthetic group of rhodopsin is excited …

The standard model for photoinduced cis-trans isomerization about carbon double bonds is
framed in terms of two electronic states and a one-dimensional reaction coordinate. We …

A detailed understanding of the action of biological molecules is a pre‐requisite for rational
advances in health sciences and related fields. Here, the challenge is to move from …

Femtosecond pump-probe experiments reveal the impulsive production of photoproduct in
the primary event in vision. The retinal chromophore of rhodopsin was excited with a 35 …

Predicting the electronic structure of extended organic molecules constitutes an important
fundamental task of modern chemistry. Studies of electronic excitations, charge-transfer …

▪ Abstract Bacteriorhodopsin is the best understood ion transport protein and has become a
paradigm for membrane proteins in general and transporters in particular. Models up to 2.5 …