Background People with advanced ovarian or gastrointestinal cancer may develop
malignant bowel obstruction (MBO). They are able to tolerate limited, if any, oral or enteral …

Intestinal failure (IF) is the inability of the gut to absorb necessary water, macronutrients
(carbohydrate, protein, and fat), micronutrients, and electrolytes sufficient to sustain life and …

Background & aims In 2016, ESPEN published the guideline for Chronic Intestinal Failure
(CIF) in adults. An updated version of ESPEN guidelines on CIF due to benign disease in …

Composite measures that combine different types of indicators are widely used in medical
research; to evaluate health systems, as outcomes in clinical trials and patient-reported …

Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a rare disorder with known physical, psychosocial, and
economic burdens and significant morbidity and mortality. Many individuals with SBS …

All instruments designed to measure latent (unobservable) variables, such as patient-
reported outcomes (PROs), have three major requirements; a coherent construct theory, a …

Background & aims Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) provides life sustaining treatment for
people with chronic intestinal failure. Individuals may require HPN for months or years and …

Background Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a malabsorptive condition that can result in
intestinal failure (SBS‐IF). Many patients with SBS‐IF require home parenteral nutrition (PN) …

Summary Background and Aims People with type 3 intestinal failure require regular home
parenteral support (HPS) for survival. Intestinal failure is a long term condition and HPS is a …

Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are used to collect information directly from
patients. They may cover several different types of outcomes ranging from symptoms …