The notion that men are more variable than women has become embedded into scientific
thinking. For mental traits like personality, greater male variability has been partly attributed …

Within populations, individuals often show repeatable variation in behaviour, called 'animal
personality'. In the last few decades, numerous empirical studies have attempted to …

During foraging, animals have to balance the risk of predation with the energy gain. The
amount of risk animals take for a given resource depends on their energy budget but is …

Animals often need to signal to attract mates and behavioural signalling may impose
substantial energetic and fitness costs to signallers. Consequently, individuals often …

Although personality has been defined as a suite of correlated behaviours, most studies of
animal personality actually consider correlations between a few traits. We examined the …

We review the evidence for a link between consistent among-individual variation in
behaviour (animal personality) and the ability to win contests over limited resources …

A common method to assess behavioral types in personality research involves the use of a
single emergence test (employed by researchers working on fish, avian, mammal …

Spontaneous recognition of a novel object is a popular measure of exploratory behavior,
perception and recognition memory in rodent models. Because of its relative simplicity and …

According to a recent hypothesis, personality traits should form integrative pace‐of‐life
syndromes with life‐history traits. Potential life‐history traits that explain personality variation …

The predator functional response (ie per capita consumption rate as a function of prey
density) is central to our understanding of predator–prey population dynamics. This …