This review describes the formation, structure, and function of bony compartments in antlers,
horns, ossicones, osteoderm and the os penis/os clitoris (collectively referred to herein as …

Several hormones are potential indicators of stress in free-ranging animals and provide
information on animal health in managed-care settings. In response to stress …

Mercury bioaccumulation from deep-ocean prey and the extreme life history strategies of
adult female northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) provide a unique system to …

Stress hormones, released into circulation as a consequence of disturbance, are classically
assayed from blood samples but may also be detected in a variety of matrices. Blubber and …

Stress can compromise an animal's ability to conserve metabolic stores and participate in
energy-demanding activities that are critical for fitness. Understanding how wild animals …

Cortisol is one of the main glucocorticoid hormones involved in both the mammalian stress
response and in fat metabolism and energy regulation, making it of increasing interest as a …

The ability of animals to survive dramatic climates depends on their physiology, morphology
and behaviour, but is often influenced by the configuration of their habitat. Along with …

Chronic stress can have detrimental effects on an individual's health and reproductive
success. The use of cortisol quantification as an indicator of stress in free-ranging cetaceans …

Chronic physiological stress impacts animal fitness by catabolizing metabolic stores and
suppressing reproduction. This can be especially deleterious for capital breeding carnivores …

While much of our understanding of stress physiology is derived from biomedical studies,
little is known about the downstream molecular consequences of adaptive stress responses …