Brain cells normally respond adaptively to bioenergetic challenges resulting from ongoing
activity in neuronal circuits, and from environmental energetic stressors such as food …

The nervous system—in particular, the brain and its cognitive abilities—is among humans'
most distinctive and impressive attributes. How the nervous system has changed in the …

Humans possess an extraordinary capacity for cultural production, from the arts and
language to science and technology. How did the human mind—and the uniquely human …

The energy demands of the brain are high: they account for at least 20% of the body's
energy consumption. Evolutionary studies indicate that the emergence of higher cognitive …

Neuroscientists have become used to a number of “facts” about the human brain: It has 100
billion neurons and 10-to 50-fold more glial cells; it is the largest-than-expected for its body …

Abstract Changes in gene expression are thought to underlie many of the phenotypic
differences between species. However, large-scale analyses of gene expression evolution …

Humanity has regarded itself as intellectually superior to other species for millennia, yet
human cognitive uniqueness remains poorly understood. Here, we evaluate candidate traits …

To better understand the molecular and cellular differences in brain organization between
human and nonhuman primates, we performed transcriptome sequencing of 16 regions of …

The similarities and differences between nervous systems of various species result from
developmental constraints and specific adaptations,,–. Comparative analyses of the …

Abstract The Gene Ontology (GO) project is a collaboration among model organism
databases to describe gene products from all organisms using a consistent and computable …