Simple Summary Environmental enrichment has been widely studied with laboratory
rodents, but there is no consensus regarding what counts as enrichment or what it should …

Stroke is a common cerebrovascular disease that can interrupt local blood flow in the brain,
causing neuronal damage or even death, resulting in varying degrees of neurological …

The 3Rs principle of replacing, reducing and refining the use of animals in science has been
gaining widespread support in the international research community and appears in …

Individual variation in responses to commonly used tests of anxiety and spatial memory is
often reported. While this variation is frequently considered to be 'noise', evidence suggests …

Background Social behavior and social organization have major influences on individual
health and fitness. Yet, biomedical research focuses on studying a few genotypes under …

Boredom is an emotional state that occurs when an individual has nothing to do, is not
interested in the surrounding, and feels dreary and in a monotony. While this condition is …

Being social animals, rats exhibit a range of social behaviors that help them build social
bonds and maintain group cohesion. Behavior is influenced by multiple factors, including …

Few certainties exist regarding the optimal type, timing, or dosage of rehabilitation after
stroke. Despite differing injury mechanisms and recovery patterns following ischemic and …

Studies in mice have shown that less aversive handling methods (eg tunnel or cup handling)
can reduce behavioural measures of anxiety in comparison to picking mice up by their tail …

Multiple molecular pathways and cellular processes have been implicated in the
neurobiology of autism and other neurodevelopmental conditions. There is a current focus …