Objectives We provide an appraisal of recent research on stimulation of the auditory system
with light. In particular, we discuss direct infrared stimulation and ongoing controversies …

Optical-electrode (optrode) arrays use light to modulate excitable biological tissues and/or
transduce bioelectrical signals into the optical domain. Light offers several advantages over …

All electric and magnetic stimulation of the brain deposits thermal energy in the brain. This
occurs through either Joule heating of the conductors carrying current through electrodes …

Objective. Thermal block of action potential conduction using infrared lasers is a new
modality for manipulating neural activity. It could be used for analysis of the nervous system …

Novel clinical treatments to target peripheral nerves are being developed which primarily
use electrical current. Recently, infrared (IR) light was shown to inhibit peripheral nerves …

The excitatory and inhibitory effects of single and brief infrared (IR) light pulses (2 µm) with
millisecond durations and various power levels are investigated with a custom-built fiber …

Astrocytes are non‐neuronal cells that govern the homeostatic regulation of the brain
through ions and water transport, and Ca2+‐mediated signaling. As they are tightly …

At present there is some debate as to the processes by which infrared neural stimulation
(INS) activates neurons in the cochlea, as the lasers used for INS can potentially generate a …

In the present study we combined electrophysiology with optical heat pulse stimuli to
examine thermodynamics of membrane electrical excitability in mammalian vestibular hair …

Significance: Infrared neural stimulation (INS) utilizes pulsed infrared light to selectively elicit
neural activity without exogenous compounds. Despite its versatility in a broad range of …