Antibacterial resistance is a great concern and requires global action. A critical question is
whether enough new antibacterial drugs are being discovered and developed. A review of …

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters constitute one of the largest and most ancient
protein superfamilies found in all living organisms. They function as molecular machines by …

Tripartite efflux pumps and the related type 1 secretion systems (T1SSs) in Gram-negative
organisms are diverse in function, energization, and structural organization. They form …

Bacterial multidrug efflux pumps have come to prominence in human and veterinary
pathogenesis because they help bacteria protect themselves against the antimicrobials …

The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily is found in all domains of life,
facilitating critical biological processes through the translocation of a wide variety of …

Acinetobacter spp. have become of increased clinical importance as studies have shown the
antimicrobial resistant potential of these species. Efflux pumps can lead to reduced …

In the recent few decades, the increase in multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria has reached
an alarming rate and caused serious health problems. The incidence of infections due to …

Disinfection is known to greatly alter bacterial characteristics in water, and high horizontal
gene transfer (HGT) frequency occurs in eutrophic conditions. Interestingly, these two …

Despite the undisputed development of medicine, antibiotics still serve as first-choice drugs
for patients with infectious disorders. The widespread use of antibiotics results from a wide …

The plasma membrane phospholipid distribution of animal cells is markedly asymmetric.
Phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) are concentrated in the inner …