Antarctica and the surrounding Southern Ocean are facing complex environmental change.
Their native biota has adapted to the region's extreme conditions over many millions of …

We analyze the polar sea ice distribution and the global sea level pressure (SLP) and
baroclinicity distributions over the “satellite” period of 1979–2020. In the Arctic, there are …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

As one of the five components of Earth's climatic system, the cryosphere has been
undergoing rapid shrinking due to global warming. Studies on the formation, evolution …

Abstract The Southern Hemisphere cryosphere has recently shown regionally-contrasted
responses to climate change, in particular to the positive phases of the Southern Annular …

The safety band of Antarctica, consisting of floating glacier tongues and ice shelves,
buttresses ice discharge of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Recent disintegration events of ice …

Sea ice is an important and complex component of the Earth system and is considered a
sensitive indicator of climate change. The seasonal sea ice cycle regulates the exchange of …

Southern Ocean (SO) shortwave (SW) radiation biases are a common problem in
contemporary general circulation models (GCMs), with most models exhibiting a tendency to …

Abstract Ice retreat in West Antarctica and Antarctic Peninsula has led to important changes
in seafloor communities and gains in benthic blue carbon. In most of the Antarctic, however …

Antarctic sea ice is projected to decrease in response to increasing greenhouse gas
concentrations. Limited studies so far have examined the coupled atmosphere–ocean …