Rationale: Among the various experimental protocols that have been used to measure drug
reward in laboratory animals, conditioned place preference (CPP) has been one of the most …

This review summarizes evidence of dysregulated reward circuitry function in a range of
neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders and genetic syndromes. First, the …

Ketamine, a racemic mixture of (S)-ketamine and (R)-ketamine enantiomers, has been used
as an anesthetic, analgesic and more recently, as an antidepressant. However, ketamine …

There is considerable evidence that high novelty seekers are at increased risk for using
drugs of abuse relative to low novelty seekers. This review examines the potential biological …

Research on drug abuse has recently focused on understanding the vulnerability to develop
addiction that is present in certain individuals. These investigations suggest that addiction …

The main characteristics of cocaine addiction are compulsive drug use despite adverse
consequences and high rates of relapse during periods of abstinence. A current popular …

Drug craving, the desire to experience the effect (s) of a previously experienced
psychoactive substance, has been hypothesized to contribute significantly to continued drug …

The brain's reward circuitry consists of an “in series” circuit of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in
the ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (Acb), and that portion of the medial …

Fluctuations in extracellular dopamine and DOPAC levels in nucleus accumbens septi
(NAS) were monitored in 1-min microdialysis samples taken from rats engaged in …

Multiple lines of research have implicated the mesolimbic dopamine system in drug reward
measured by either the drug self-administration or conditioned place preference paradigm …