A highly conserved but convoluted network of neurons and glial cells, the enteric nervous
system (ENS), is positioned along the wall of the gut to coordinate digestive processes and …

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis constitute two major subgroups of inflammatory bowel
diseases (IBD), a group of complex polygenic diseases characterized by chronic and …

Bacteriophage (also known as phage) communities that inhabit the gut have a major effect
on the structure and functioning of bacterial populations, but their roles and association with …

Abstract Background and Aims Population-based prospective cohort studies investigating
fibre intake and development of inflammatory bowel disease are lacking. Our aim was to …

Background Anti‐tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) is used for the treatment of severe cases
of IBD, including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). However, one‐third of the …

Mammalian immune systems evolved within a diverse world dominated by microbes,
making interactions between these two life-forms inevitable. Adaptive immunity protects …

Background Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) results from the combined effects of susceptibility
genes and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in genes regulating inflammation may …

Objective. The etiology of the inflammatory bowel diseases is unknown, although genetic
factors play a role, and tobacco smoking has opposite effect on the two entities. Inflammation …

Biological agents including anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF; adalimumab, infliximab,
etanercept) and anti-interleukin-12/13 (IL12/23; ustekinumab) are essential for treatment of …

Age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that
affects approximately 8.7% of elderly people worldwide (> 55 years old). AMD is …