With the advent of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs), new, high-throughput serial
crystallography techniques for macromolecular structure determination have emerged …

BACKGROUND Conformational changes are essential for the correct functioning of
biological macromolecules. Time-resolved x-ray crystallography extends an extremely …

INTRODUCTION Photoenzymes are rare biocatalysts driven by absorption of a photon at
each catalytic cycle; they inspire development of artificial photoenzymes with valuable …

Photosystem II (PSII) catalyses the oxidation of water through a four-step cycle of S i states
(i= 0–4) at the Mn4CaO5 cluster,–, during which an extra oxygen (O6) is incorporated at the …

Highlights•Time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography (tr-SFX) probes structure and
function in each sample.•X-ray free electron lasers (XFELS) provide atomic and electronic …

In this review, we describe recent research developments into radiation damage effects in
macromolecular X-ray crystallography observed at synchrotrons and X-ray free electron …

High-intensity femtosecond pulses from an X-ray free-electron laser enable pump–probe
experiments for the investigation of electronic and nuclear changes during light-induced …

Isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS) catalyzes the unique reaction of l-δ-(α-aminoadipoyl)-l-
cysteinyl-d-valine (ACV) with dioxygen giving isopenicillin N (IPN), the precursor of all …

With recent developments in X-ray sources, instrumentation and data-analysis tools, time-
resolved crystallographic experiments, which were originally the preserve of a few expert …

Thanks to recent technological advances in X-ray and micro-electron diffraction and solid-
state NMR, structural information can be obtained by using much smaller crystals. Thus …