Recently, electrical stimulation as a physical stimulus draws lots of attention. It shows great
potential in disease treatment, wound healing, and mechanism study because of significant …

The cell microenvironment has emerged as a key determinant of cell behavior and function
in development, physiology, and pathophysiology. The extracellular matrix (ECM) within the …

Humans and animals lose tissues and organs due to congenital defects, trauma, and
diseases. The human body has a low regenerative potential as opposed to the urodele …

One of the most important issues facing cartilage tissue engineering is the inability to move
technologies into the clinic. Despite the multitude of current research in the field, it is known …

There is intense interest in developing novel biomaterials which support the invasion and
proliferation of living cells for potential applications in tissue engineering and regenerative …

MXenes (transition metal carbides and nitrides) have experienced exponential growth over
the last two decades, thanks to their excellent physical, chemical, and mechanical …

Abstract Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), a member of the transforming growth factor-
β (TGF-β) super-family, is one of the main chondrogenic growth factors involved in cartilage …

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a rapidly emerging technology that promises to
transform tissue engineering into a commercially successful biomedical industry. However …

Articular cartilage is a complex connective tissue with the fundamental functions of load
bearing, shock absorption and lubrication in joints. However, traumatic events, aging and …

For a long time, cartilage has been a major focus of the whole field of tissue engineering,
both because of the constantly growing need for more effective options for joint repair and …