The immune system enables organisms to combat infections and to eliminate endogenous
challenges. Immune responses can be evoked through diverse inducible pathways …

Diagnosis and treatment of disease demand a sound understanding of the underlying
mechanisms, determining any Achilles' heel that can be targeted in effective therapies …

The female reproductive tract (FRT), similar to other mucosal sites, harbours a site-specific
microbiome, which has an essential role in maintaining health and homeostasis. In the …

The microbiome of the female reproductive tract defies the convention that high biodiversity
is a hallmark of an optimal ecosystem. Although not universally true, a homogeneous …

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common yet poorly understood vaginal condition that has
become a major focus of HIV transmission and immunology research. Varied terminologies …

Background Women with a cervicovaginal microbiota dominated by Lactobacillus spp. are at
reduced risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections including HIV, but the biological …

Elucidating the cause of bacterial vaginosis has important implications for diagnosis and
treatment. Our current bacterial vaginosis pathogenesis model provides a framework for key …

Non-optimal vaginal microbiota, as observed in bacterial vaginosis (BV), is typically
characterized by a depletion of beneficial lactobacilli and an abundance of numerous …

Background The cervicovaginal (CV) microbiome is highly associated with vaginal health
and disease in both pregnant and nonpregnant individuals. An overabundance of …

The female reproductive tract harbours hundreds of bacterial species and produces
numerous metabolites. The uterine cervix is located between the upper and lower parts of …