Multidrug resistant bacteria are a global threat for human and animal health. However, they
are only part of the problem of antibiotic failure. Another bacterial strategy that contributes to …

Biofilms are organised heterogeneous assemblages of microbial cells that are encased
within a self-produced matrix. Current estimates suggest that up to 80% of bacterial and …

Biofilm refers to the complex, sessile communities of microbes found either attached to a
surface or buried firmly in an extracellular matrix as aggregates. The biofilm matrix …

Notably, bacterial biofilm formation is increasingly recognized as a passive virulence factor
facilitating many infectious disease processes. In this review we will focus on bacterial …

Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is a leading cause of nosocomial infections as this
pathogen has certain attributes that facilitate the subversion of natural defenses of the …

Surface-associated microbial communities, called biofilms, are present in all environments.
Although biofilms play an important positive role in a variety of ecosystems, they also have …

Formation of biofilm is a survival strategy for bacteria and fungi to adapt to their living
environment, especially in the hostile environment. Under the protection of biofilm, microbial …

Biofilm formation and biofilm-induced biodeterioration of surfaces have deeply affected the
life of our community. Cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is a small …

Biofilm formation on surfaces via microbial colonization causes infections and has become a
major health issue globally. The biofilm lifestyle provides resistance to environmental …

Infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa have become a concerning threat in hospital-
acquired infections and for cystic fibrosis patients. The major problem leading to high …