Antibiotic resistance is a global health emergency, with resistance detected to all antibiotics
currently in clinical use and only a few novel drugs in the pipeline. Understanding the …

Chronic and recurrent bacterial infections are frequently associated with the formation of
biofilms on biotic or abiotic materials that are composed of mono-or multi-species cultures of …

Tripartite efflux pumps and the related type 1 secretion systems (T1SSs) in Gram-negative
organisms are diverse in function, energization, and structural organization. They form …

Multidrug efflux pumps are inner membrane transporters that export multiple antibiotics from
the inside to the outside of bacterial cells, contributing to bacterial multidrug resistance …

Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (APDT) has drawn increasing attention from the
scientific society for its potential to effectively kill multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria and …

Gram-negative bacteria are responsible for a large proportion of antimicrobial-resistant
infections in humans and animals. Among this class of bacteria are also some of the most …

A biofilm is a community of stable microorganisms encapsulated in an extracellular matrix
produced by themselves. Many types of microorganisms that are found on living hosts or in …

Simple Summary Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, especially that caused by Gram-
negative bacteria, have posed serious health issues worldwide. Bacteria have different …

Bacterial infections are an increasingly serious issue worldwide. The inability of existing
therapies to treat multidrug‐resistant pathogens has been recognized as an important …

Multidrug resistance (MDR) has appeared in response to selective pressures resulting from
the incorrect use of antibiotics and other antimicrobials. This inappropriate application and …