The recent advent of microphysiological systems–microfluidic biomimetic devices that aspire
to emulate the biology of human tissues, organs and circulation in vitro–is envisaged to …

Abstract Purpose of Review Many factors influence the health impact of exposure to
metalliferous mine dusts and whilst the underpinning toxicology is pivotal, it is not the only …

Multiple non-animal-based test methods have never been formally validated. In order to use
such new approach methods (NAMs) in a regulatory context, criteria to define their …

To advance drug development representative reliable skin models are indispensable.
Animal skin as test model for human skin delivery is restricted as their properties greatly …

The call for a paradigm change in toxicology from the United States National Research
Council in 2007 initiates awareness for the invention and use of human‐relevant alternative …

Bacterial toxins are food safety hazards causing about 10% of all reported foodborne
outbreaks in Europe. Pertinent to Gram‐positive pathogens, the most relevant toxins are …

When assessing the risk and hazard of a non-pharmaceutical compound, the first step is
determining acute toxicity, including toxicity following inhalation. Inhalation is a major …

Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are large RNA viruses that infect the human respiratory tract.
The emergence of both Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory …

Alternative methods to animal use in toxicology are evolving with new advanced tools and
multilevel approaches, to answer from one side to 3Rs requirements, and on the other side …

Abstract 3D organ models have gained increasing attention as novel preclinical test systems
and alternatives to animal testing. Over the years, many excellent in vitro tissue models have …