Explicit measures of human memory, such as recall or recognition, reflect conscious
recollection of the past. Implicit tests of retention measure transfer (or priming) from past …

The effects of auditory and visual presentation upon short-term retention of verbal stimuli are
reviewed, and a model of the structure of short-term memory is presented. The main …

Most theories of spoken word identification assume that variable speech signals are
matched to canonical representations in memory. To achieve this, idiosyncratic voice details …

Language involves a duality of patterning, as Hockett (1954) has noted. On the one hand,
there are patterns that pertain to the way that sounds are organized; on the other, there are …

The influence on memory research of levels of processing (Craik & Lockhart, 1972) is
reviewed, and a number of conceptual and empirical criticisms are evaluated. Research …

How can conscious and unconscious influences of memory be measured? In this article, a
process-dissociation procedure (LL Jacoby, 1991) was used to separate automatic …

Two experiments examined the effect of single-modality (sound or text) and bimodal (sound
and text) presentation on word learning, as measured by both improvements in spoken word …

Spanish-English bilinguals were tested in a two-part lexical-decision experiment. Word
stimuli were (a) noncognates (words with differently spelled translations, eg, dog and …

Explicit measures of memory refer to tasks in which people are directly tested on episodes
from their recent experience; in performing the tasks people are instructed to remember …

Subjects in Experiment i studied a list of words under varying presentation conditions (visual
or auditory) and in two typographies within the visual condition (typed or hand printed) and …