Exciting new discoveries have transformed the view of the lysosome from a static organelle
dedicated to the disposal and recycling of cellular waste to a highly dynamic structure that …

Autophagy causes the breakdown of damaged proteins and organelles to their constituent
components. The phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) pathway played an important role in …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complicated degenerative disease that affects whole joint tissue.
Currently, apart from surgical approaches to treat late stage OA, effective treatments to …

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway coordinates environmental
and intracellular cues to control eukaryotic cell growth. As a pivot point between anabolic …

Autophagy is a process of self-degradation that enables the cell to survive when faced with
starvation or stressful conditions. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), also known …

Autophagy is an important cellular self-digestion and recycling pathway that helps in
maintaining cellular homeostasis. Dysregulation at various steps of the autophagic and …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules that can oxidize proteins,
lipids, and DNA. Under physiological conditions, ROS are mainly generated in the …

The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) senses and relays environmental
signals from growth factors and nutrients to metabolic networks and adaptive cellular …

Cell death is a natural biological process that occurs in living organisms. Since 1963,
extensive research has shed light on the occurrence, progress, and final outcome of cell …

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved self-degradation system that recycles cellular
components and damaged organelles, which is critical for the maintenance of cellular …