More and more in-depth studies have revealed that the occurrence and development of
tumors depend on gene mutation and tumor heterogeneity. The most important …

The first step of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication cycle—binding and
entry into the host cell—plays a major role in determining viral tropism and the ability of HIV …

Background Dupilumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody that binds IL‐4Rα and inhibits
signaling of both IL‐4 and IL‐13, has shown efficacy across multiple diseases with …

Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells are effective serial killers with a faster off-rate from
dying tumor cells than CAR-T cells binding target cells through their T cell receptor (TCR) …

In metazoans, specific tasks are relegated to dedicated organs that are established early in
development, occupy discrete locations and typically remain fixed in size. The adult immune …

Memory CD8 T cells are a critical component of protective immunity, and inducing effective
memory T-cell responses is a major goal of vaccines against chronic infections and …

The shapes of eukaryotic cells and ultimately the organisms that they form are defined by
cycles of mechanosensing, mechanotransduction and mechanoresponse. Local sensing of …

Cell–cell adhesion mediated by ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 is critical for T cell activation and
leukocyte recruitment to the inflammation site and, therefore, plays an important role in …

Since the first crystal structure determinations of αβ T cell receptors (TCRs) bound to class I
MHC-peptide (pMHC) antigens in 1996, a sizable database of 24 class I and class II …

Inflammation is a defense reaction against diverse insults, designed to remove noxious
agents and to inhibit their detrimental effects. It consists of a dazzling array of molecular and …